Fig. 1

Flow chart of the working procedure for this study: (top left) small area ischemic heart disease (IHD) death rates are calculated from small area populations and large region IHD death rates using a downscaling approach; (top right) spatially weighted average noise exposures are estimated at the same spatial scale using a spatial model and directly monitored environmental data; (lower centre) spatially resolved population health and exposure data are entered into the concentration–response function to estimate excess risk and generate interactive maps of exposures and risks