Fig. 6

The path diagrams of the results for the multilevel structural equation models (SEMs), a blue solid arrow with one (p < 0.05), two (p < 0.01), or three (p < 0.001) red asterisks (*) indicates a significant path coefficient between the variables. A black dashed arrow indicates a non-significant path coefficient between the variables. a Model 5a examines hypothesis 1; b Model 5b examines hypotheses 1 and 2; c Model 5c examines hypotheses 1–3