Fig. 11

Global ilicit kidney trade network diagram demonstrating the networks among kidney seller, buyer, broker and surgery countries by decade. The upper panel shows the diagram for the first decade (2000–2011) while the lower panel shows the diagram for the second decade (2012–2022). The networks were displayed only when country pairs had at least one trade reported. In each panel, the countries shown in blue and red are kidney seller and buyer providers respectively, while those shown in brown and green are kidney broker and illicit transplant surgery providers respectively. The node size in the networks represents the number of illicit kidney trade cases in which each country was involved, while the edge width indicates the volume of kidney trade between the connected countries